{"id":1670,"date":"2025-04-17T11:33:43","date_gmt":"2025-04-17T09:33:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.luthergrewp.it\/ewp\/?p=1670"},"modified":"2025-04-23T10:27:41","modified_gmt":"2025-04-23T08:27:41","slug":"breve-introduzione-alla-filosofia-di-tommaso-daquino","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.luthergrewp.it\/ewp\/archives\/1670","title":{"rendered":"Breve introduzione alla filosofia di Tommaso d\u2019Aquino"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Articolo pubbblicato anche su <a href=\"https:\/\/panodyssey.com\/it\/article\/cultura\/breve-introduzione-alla-filosofia-di-tommaso-d-aquino-6ckhsffmn3d7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><em>Panodyssey<\/em><\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: xx-large;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Giorgio Ruffa <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Breve introduzione alla filosofia di Tommaso d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Aquino<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Tommaso d<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>\u2019<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Aquino (1225-1274) \u00e8 uno tra i pi\u00f9 grandi filosofi e teologi della storia dell\u2019Occidente, nonch<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>\u00e9 <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>la figura centrale della scolastica medievale. La sua opera rappresenta un punto di incontro tra il pensiero cristiano e la filosofia greca, in particolare quella di Aristotele. Il suo obiettivo fondamentale fu quello di mostrare l<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>\u2019<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>armonia tra la fede e la ragione, tra verit<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>\u00e0 <\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>rivelata e verit<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>\u00e0 <\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>filosofica. Ed \u00e8 per questo che reputo necessario conoscerlo, al di l\u00e0 delle differenze dottrinali.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">1. L\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere come fondamento<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Al centro della filosofia di Tommaso d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Aquino si trova il concetto di <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><em>esse<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, ovvero l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere. Per l\u2019aquinate, ogni ente partecipa dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere in modo limitato, mentre solo Dio \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">l\u2019\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\"><em>ipsum esse subsistens<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">, l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere stesso sussistente. Ogni ente creato \u00e8 composto da <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>essenza<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> (ci\u00f2 che una cosa \u00e8) ed <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>esistenza<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> (il fatto che quella cosa sia): solo in Dio essenza ed esistenza coincidono. Questo rende Dio l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">ente perfettissimo (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>esse perfectissimum<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">), privo di potenzialit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, totalmente atto e causa prima di tutto ci\u00f2 che esiste. Pertanto, per Tommaso d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Aquino, il concetto fondamentale della realt\u00e0 \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">l\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><em>esse<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">). Ogni cosa che esiste \u00e8, in primo luogo, un ente: qualcosa che <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>\u00e8<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. Tuttavia, l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere non \u00e8 una realt<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uniforme. Esistono diversi livelli e modi di esistere, e comprendere questa variet\u00e0 \u00e8 il compito della <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>metafisica<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, che per Tommaso d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Aquino <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>la scienza dell<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>\u2019<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>ente in quanto ente<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">L\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">intuizione fondamentale di Tommaso d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Aquino<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> risiede nel concetto che l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere non costituisca una categoria tra le altre, bens<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00ec l\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">elemento caratterizzante ogni ente. In tal senso, Tommaso si distingue sia dalla dottrina platonica, che attribuisce priorit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">alle idee, sia da quella aristotelica, incentrata sulla sostanza, per porre l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">accento sull<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">atto di essere, l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\"><em>actus essendi<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">1.1 Composizione di essenza ed esistenza<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Secondo Tommaso, ogni ente creato \u00e8 composto di due principi:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Essenza (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>essentia<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>id quod quid est;<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>quidditas<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">): ci\u00f2 che una cosa \u00e8, la sua definizione (per esempio: \u201cuomo = animale razionale\u201d). Tommaso riprende Aristotele e la scolastica precedente, specialmente Avicenna, per definire l\u2019essenza (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>essentia<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">) come la <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>quidditas<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, cio\u00e8 \u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>ci\u00f2 che una cosa \u00e8<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u201d. \u00c8 la natura specifica di un ente, ci\u00f2 che lo fa appartenere a una certa specie (uomo, cavallo, pietra\u2026).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Esistenza (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>esse<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">): il fatto che quella cosa sia, al di l\u00e0 della sua definizione.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Scrive nel <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>De ente et essentia<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: \u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>In omnibus creaturis aliud est essentia, aliud esse<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u201d,\u201cIn tutte le creature, l\u2019essenza \u00e8 distinta dall\u2019essere.\u201d (De ente et essentia, cap. 4). Solo in Dio essenza ed esistenza coincidono: \u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Deus est ipsum esse subsistens<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u201d \u2013 Dio \u00e8 il suo stesso essere. Questo significa che nessuna creatura esiste per se stessa, ma riceve l\u2019essere da un altro, cio\u00e8, nel nostro contesto, da Dio. L\u2019essere, per Tommaso, \u00e8 ci\u00f2 che attualizza l\u2019essenza, \u00e8 l\u2019atto pi\u00f9 fondamentale.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<table width=\"680\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\">\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"125\" height=\"6\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cambria Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Concetto <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cambria Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Essenza (Essentia \/ Quidditas)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"285\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cambria Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Esistenza (Esse)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"125\" height=\"23\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Definizione<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Ci\u00f2 che una cosa \u00e8; la sua natura o quiddit\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"285\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Il fatto che una cosa sia; l\u2019atto dell\u2019essere<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"125\" height=\"7\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Sinonimi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Quidditas, natura, forma<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"285\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Actus essendi (atto d\u2019essere)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"125\" height=\"23\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Conoscibilit\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Conoscibile dalla ragione (si pu\u00f2 definire)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"285\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Non definibile, si coglie solo per la realt\u00e0 concreta<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"125\" height=\"7\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Ruolo metafisico<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Determina <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Cambria Italic', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">che cosa \u00e8<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"> un ente<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"285\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Determina <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Cambria Italic', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">che esista<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"> un ente<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"125\" height=\"7\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Negli enti creati<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Distinta dall\u2019esistenza<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"285\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Conferita da Dio all\u2019essenza<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"125\" height=\"23\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">In Dio<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Coincide con l\u2019esistenza: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Cambria Italic', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Deus est ipsum esse<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"285\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">In Dio <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Cambria Italic', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">essenza ed esistenza<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">coincidono <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"125\" height=\"22\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Esempio (uomo)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201c<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Animale razionale<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"285\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: Cambria, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Il fatto che un individuo umano esista realmente<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">1.2 Dio come esse subsistens<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Diversamente dalle creature, vincolate dalla frattura tra essenza ed esistenza, Dio appare come un&#8217;unica, indivisibile realt<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\">\u00e0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. In Lui, l&#8217;essere non \u00e8 posseduto, bens<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\">\u00ec <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">incarnato nella sua essenza; Egli non ha l&#8217;essere, Egli \u00e8 l&#8217;essere. Come afferma nella <em>Summa Theologiae<\/em>: \u201c<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Bold, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><i>Deus non solum est sua essentia, ut ostensum est, sed etiam suum esse<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"> \u2014 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Dio non \u00e8 solo la sua essenza, ma anche il suo stesso essere <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><i>Summa Theologiae<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\">, I, q. 3, a. 4).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Questa verit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\">\u00e0 <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">riverbera con una potenza unica: Dio \u00e8 il solo essere per essenza, il <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><i>subsistens<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, colui che sussiste in s<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">e per s<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, svincolato da ogni dipendenza. Da Lui scaturisce il dono dell<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\">\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">esistenza per tutte le altre entit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\">\u00e0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, che traggono il loro essere dalla sua infinita pienezza. Egli \u00e8 l&#8217;atto puro (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Bold, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><i>actus purus<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">), privo di ogni ombra di potenzialit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\">\u00e0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, completamente realizzato, assolutamente perfetto. Nei limiti degli esseri finiti si cela sempre la dualit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\">\u00e0 <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">tra ci\u00f2 che \u00e8 solo in potenza e ci\u00f2 che si concretizza in atto; in Dio, invece, tale dualit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\">\u00e0 <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">svanisce, lasciando spazio all&#8217;identit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\">\u00e0 <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Canela Text Regular, serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">perfetta tra essere, agire e perfezione. Un\u2019armonia assoluta che abbraccia l\u2019eterno.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">1.3 L\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere come atto<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Tommaso d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Aquino considera l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere come l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">atto ultimo di ogni realt<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, ci\u00f2 che completa ogni altra perfezione. La forma di una cosa non \u00e8 sufficiente a renderla reale: \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">l\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere che la fa esistere concretamente. Come scrive: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">L\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">l\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">attualit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">di tutti gli atti, e perci\u00f2 \u00e8 la perfezione di tutte le perfezioni<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"nl-NL\"><em>De potentia<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, q. 7, a. 2).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Questa prospettiva rivoluziona la metafisica: il centro non \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">pi<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00f9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">la <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">sostanza<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">in senso aristotelico, bens<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00ec l\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">atto di essere (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\"><em>actus essendi<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">) che sostiene ogni cosa.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Per Tommaso, quindi, l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere \u00e8 il fondamento ontologico di tutto. Ogni cosa \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">ci<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00f2 che \u00e8 in quanto partecipa dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere, e solo Dio \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">l\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere stesso. La filosofia tomista \u00e8, in questo senso, una vera e propria metafisica dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere, che parte dall<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">esperienza degli enti finiti per risalire, con rigore logico e razionale, all<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere assoluto, cio\u00e8 a Dio.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Rimandiamo al punto 6 per un rapido sguardo ai concetti di <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>intelletto<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> e di<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>metafisica dell<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>\u2019<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>essere<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> come trattati nella <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa contra Gentiles <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">nel<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Libro 2, LII.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">2. La dimostrazione dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">esistenza di Dio<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Tommaso d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Aquino affronta la questione dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">esistenza di Dio in modo filosofico, cio\u00e8 a partire dalla ragione naturale. Egli sostiene che, sebbene la fede possa conoscere Dio per rivelazione, \u00e8 anche possibile dimostrare razionalmente che Dio esiste osservando il mondo. Questo \u00e8 il compito della teologia naturale, che studia Dio con gli strumenti della filosofia. La trattazione pi\u00f9 celebre si trova nella <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I, q. 2, a. 3, dove Tommaso espone le famose <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">cinque vie<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>quinque viae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">), cio\u00e8 cinque argomenti razionali che portano alla conclusione che Dio esiste: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\"><em>Deum esse quinque viis probari potest<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">L\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">esistenza di Dio pu\u00f2 essere dimostrata in cinque modi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I, q. 2, a. 3).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">2.1 Prima via: dal movimento<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Tommaso parte dal fatto evidente che nel mondo ci sono cose che si muovono (cio\u00e8 il divenire che passa dalla potenza all<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">atto). Ma niente pu\u00f2 muoversi da solo se non \u00e8 mosso da altro. Questa catena di motori non pu\u00f2 andare all<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">infinito: deve esserci un primo motore immobile: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Ergo necesse est devenire ad aliquod primum movens, quod a nullo movetur, et hoc omnes intelligunt Deum<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\">Dunque <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00e8 necessario arrivare ad un primo motore che non sia mosso da altri; e tutti riconoscono che esso \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Dio\u201d (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I, q. 2, a. 3).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">2.2 Seconda via: dalla causa efficiente<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Ogni effetto ha una causa. Ma una cosa non pu\u00f2 essere causa di se stessa. Se non si pu\u00f2 andare all<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">infinito nelle cause, si deve arrivare a una causa prima, che non \u00e8 causata da nulla e che d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">inizio alla catena causale: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\"><em>Ergo est necesse ponere aliquam causam efficientem primam, quam omnes Deum nominant<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u201d; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Dunque bisogna ammettere una prima causa efficiente, che tutti chiamano Dio<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I, q. 2, a. 3).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">2.3 Terza via: dalla contingenza all<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere necessario<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Nel mondo ci sono esseri contingenti, cio\u00e8 che possono esistere o non esistere. Ma se tutto fosse contingente, ci sarebbe stato un momento in cui nulla esisteva. E dal nulla, nulla viene. Dunque deve esistere un ente necessario, che non riceve l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere da un altro: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Ergo necesse est ponere aliquid quod sit per se necessarium, non habens causam necessitatis aliunde, sed quod est causa necessitatis aliis, quod omnes dicunt Deum<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Dunque bisogna concludere all&#8217;esistenza di un essere che sia di per s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">necessario, e non tragga da altri la propria necessit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, ma sia causa di necessit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">agli altri. E questo tutti dicono Dio<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I, q. 2, a. 3).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">2.4 Quarta via: dai gradi di perfezione<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Notiamo che ci sono gradi nei valori: pi\u00f9 o meno vero, buono, nobile, ecc. Ma questi gradi si misurano in base a un massimo, come il pi\u00f9 caldo rispetto al calore. Deve dunque esserci un essere perfettissimo, che \u00e8 la misura di tutte le perfezioni: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>Ergo est aliquid quod omnibus entibus est causa esse, et bonitatis, et cuiuslibet perfectionis, et hoc dicimus Deum<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u201d; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\">Dunque vi <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00e8 qualche cosa che per tutti gli enti \u00e8 causa dell&#8217;essere, della bont<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">e di qualsiasi perfezione. E questo chiamiamo Dio<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I, q. 2, a. 3).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">2.5 Quinta via: dal fine (ordine del mondo)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Le cose naturali, pur prive di intelligenza, agiscono in modo ordinato per un fine. Questo ordine non pu\u00f2 essere casuale. Ci deve essere un intelletto ordinatore, che dirige tutto verso il fine: una mente suprema che ha disposto l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">universo: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>Ergo est aliquid intelligens, a quo omnes res naturales ordinantur ad finem, et hoc dicimus Deum<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"da-DK\">Vi <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00e8 dunque un qualche essere intelligente, dal quale tutte le cose naturali sono ordinate a un fine: e quest&#8217;essere chiamiamo Dio<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I, q. 2, a. 3).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Facciamo notare che,<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">in tutte le sue argomentazioni, Tommaso si muove da un principio fondamentale: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\"><em>ex effectibus proceditur ad cognitionem causae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, ovvero si conosce la causa attraverso gli effetti.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">3. La conoscenza: ragione e rivelazione<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Per Tommaso d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Aquino, la ragione naturale pu\u00f2 conoscere molte verit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">sul mondo e persino su Dio. Tuttavia, alcune verit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">superiori, come la Trinit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">o l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Incarnazione, possono essere conosciute solo tramite la rivelazione divina. La filosofia e la teologia, pertanto, non si oppongono, ma si completano: la filosofia prepara il terreno alla fede e ne difende i contenuti con argomenti razionali. Questa visione \u00e8 definita <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">armonia tra fede e ragione<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. Tommaso d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Aquino ha elaborato una riflessione profonda e armonica sul tema della conoscenza, cercando di dimostrare come la fede e la ragione non siano in contrasto, ma rappresentino due vie complementari verso la verit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. Il suo principio fondamentale \u00e8 che la verit\u00e0 \u00e8 una sola, e quindi non pu\u00f2 esserci contraddizione tra ci\u00f2 che \u00e8 vero per la ragione e ci\u00f2 che \u00e8 vero per la fede: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Cum ergo ex utraque veritate sit Deus auctor, non potest esse verum quod est per fidem contra id quod est naturaliter cognitum per rationem<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Poich<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Dio \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">l\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">autore di entrambe le verit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, non pu\u00f2 essere vero ci\u00f2 che \u00e8 conosciuto per fede e allo stesso tempo contrario a ci\u00f2 che \u00e8 conosciuto naturalmente per ragione<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa contra Gentiles, I, 7, 2<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">)<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">3.1 La duplice via alla verit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: filosofia e teologia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Secondo Tommaso, la conoscenza umana ha due fonti:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">La ragione naturale<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, che ci permette di conoscere il mondo e alcune verit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">su Dio, come la sua esistenza o certe sue propriet<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">(unit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, immutabilit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0, bont\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, ecc.). Questa \u00e8 la via della filosofia o teologia naturale.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">La rivelazione<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, cio\u00e8 le verit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">comunicate da Dio direttamente (tramite la Scrittura e la tradizione), che superano la capacit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">naturale della ragione. Questa \u00e8 la via della teologia sacra.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Dice Tommaso: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Est duplex veritas in divinis: una ad quam pervenit ratio, altera quae <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\"><em>rationem excedit<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"da-DK\">Vi <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">una duplice verit\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">nelle cose divine: una alla quale giunge la ragione, l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">altra che supera la ragione.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa contra Gentiles<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">, I, c. 3)<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. La filosofia, quindi, non \u00e8 alternativa alla fede, ma la prepara e la sostiene, offrendo strumenti per argomentare e difendere la verit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">3.2 Il concetto di analogia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Uno dei problemi centrali nella conoscenza di Dio \u00e8: come possiamo parlare di Dio se \u00e8 infinito, mentre il nostro linguaggio \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"zh-TW\">finito?<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> Tommaso risolve questo problema con il principio dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">analogia<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, che si oppone sia all<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">univocit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> (stesso significato in ogni contesto) sia all<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\">equivocit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> (significato completamente diverso). Quando diciamo che Dio \u00e8 \u201cbuono<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, non intendiamo esattamente la stessa bont<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">che ha l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo, ma neanche qualcosa di totalmente diverso. Usiamo un linguaggio analogico, cio\u00e8 che mantiene una certa proporzione tra le cose: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Unde nullum nomen univoce de Deo et creaturis praedicatur. Sed nec etiam pure aequivoce, ut aliqui dixerunt. Quia secundum hoc, ex creaturis nihil posset cognosci de Deo, nec demonstrari; sed semper incideret fallacia aequivocationis. [\u2026] Dicendum est igitur quod huiusmodi nomina dicuntur de Deo et creaturis secundum analogiam, idest proportionem<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Perci\u00f2 nessun nome si attribuisce in senso univoco a Dio e alle creature.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Ma neanche in senso del tutto equivoco, come alcuni hanno affermato. Perch<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">in tal modo niente si potrebbe conoscere o dimostrare intorno a Dio partendo dalle creature; ma si cadrebbe continuamente nel sofisma chiamato <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>equivocazione<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">[\u2026] Si deve dunque concludere che tali termini si affermano di Dio e delle creature secondo analogia, cio\u00e8 proporzione\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\">, I, q.13, a.5)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Con l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">analogia possiamo affermare delle cose vere su Dio, pur senza esaurirne il mistero. Questo metodo protegge sia la trascendenza di Dio, sia la possibilit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">di conoscerlo realmente.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">3.3 Il limite della conoscenza: comprehensio<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Tommaso distingue fra <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>cognoscere<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> (conoscere) e <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"de-DE\"><em>comprehendere<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> (comprendere pienamente). Gli uomini possono conoscere Dio a partire dalle sue opere e tramite la rivelazione, ma non possono comprenderlo perfettamente, perch<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Dio \u00e8 infinito, mentre l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">intelletto umano \u00e8 finito: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Deum scimus esse, sed quid sit, ignoramus<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Sappiamo che Dio \u00e8, ma non sappiamo che cosa sia\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa contra Gentiles<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I, c. 14). E ancora: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>comprehendere Deum impossibile est cuicumque intellectui creato [\u2026] Nullus igitur intellectus creatus, videndo Deum, potest cognoscere omnia quae Deus facit vel potest facere, hoc enim esset comprehendere eius virtutem<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u201d; \u201c\u00c8 impossibile per qualsiasi intelletto creato comprendere Dio [\u2026] Dunque nessuna mente creata vedendo Dio pu\u00f2 conoscere tutto quello che Dio fa o che pu\u00f2 fare: poich<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">ci<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00f2 equivarrebbe a comprendere tutta la di lui potenza\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\">, I, q. 12, a. 7<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">-8<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">)<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">La <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><em>comprehensio<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> \u00e8 propria solo di Dio stesso. Nemmeno i beati in paradiso possono comprendere Dio nella sua totalit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, anche se lo vedono <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">faccia a faccia<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>visio beatifica<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">). La nostra conoscenza resta partecipata, limitata e sempre sorprendente. Tommaso d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Aquino propone, pertanto, una visione profonda ed equilibrata della conoscenza: ragione e rivelazione non si escludono, bens<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00ec <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">si sostengono a vicenda. L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">intelletto umano, sebbene finito, \u00e8 capace di ascendere a Dio, di conoscerlo autenticamente, ma sempre con umilt<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, consapevole dei propri limiti. I concetti di <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">analogia<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> e <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><em>comprehensio<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> esprimono tale equilibrio tra verit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">e mistero, tra luce e ombra, che caratterizza ogni autentico percorso filosofico e teologico.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">4. Il ruolo della astrazione nel processo conoscitivo<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">aquinate, nella sua opera <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><em>Commentarium in Aristotelis Metaphysicam<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, riprende e sviluppa questa idea con la formula: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Scire est scire per causas<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>C.A.M.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">, lib. I, lect. 5, n. 72<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">), sottolineando come la scienza (in senso aristotelico) richieda la conoscenza delle cause, e che solo chi conosce le cause pu\u00f2 dirsi veramente sapiente. Inoltre ricordiamo che in questo modo la ricerca parte sempre dai dati sensibili, dice infatti Tommaso: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\"><em>Nihil est in intellectu quod non prius fuerit in sensu<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> (Nulla \u00e8 nell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">intelletto che non sia stato prima nei sensi). Questa formula, peraltro, spiega il ruolo della astrazione: la mente umana, ricevendo i dati dai sensi, \u00e8 in grado di cogliere le forme intelligibili (le <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essenze<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">) attraverso un processo che coinvolge l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>intellectus agens<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> (intelletto agente). La formula la troviamo espressa nell\u2019opera <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">(q.2, a.3, ad 19)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">:<\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Intellectus noster nihil intelligit sine phantasmate, sicut dicit Philosophus. Unde oportet quod principium nostrae cognitionis sit a sensu. Et propter hoc dicitur quod <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em><u>nihil est in intellectu quod non sit prius in sensu<\/u><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Il nostro intelletto non comprende nulla senza un<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>immagine sensibile (phantasma)<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, come dice il Filosofo [<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>Aristotele<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">]. Perci<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00f2 \u00e8 necessario che il principio della nostra conoscenza venga dai sensi. Ed \u00e8 per questo che si dice che nulla \u00e8 nell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">intelletto che non sia stato prima nei sensi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Il concetto di astrazione riveste un ruolo centrale nella teoria della conoscenza di Tommaso d\u2019Aquino, risultando strettamente connesso, come accennato, alla funzione dell\u2019intellettus<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em> agens<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> (intelletto agente). Quest\u2019ultimo concetto, che Tommaso riprende da Aristotele (De Anima, III, 5), viene da lui rielaborato con notevole originalit\u00e0. Per l\u2019aquinate, come abbiamo visto, la conoscenza umana ha sempre origine nei sensi. Tuttavia, ci\u00f2 che i sensi colgono sono forme materiali, individuali e concrete. Tuttavia, l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">intelletto umano \u00e8 capace di cogliere le forme universali (le essenze) <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">\u2014 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">e lo fa astraendo queste forme dai dati sensibili. Il processo avviene in pi\u00f9 fasi:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Sensazione<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: i sensi esterni (vista, udito<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2026<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">) colgono l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">oggetto materiale.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Immaginazione<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: i sensi interni formano un <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>phantasma<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, cio\u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">un\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">immagine mentale dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">oggetto percepito.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Azione dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>intellectus agens<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: qui entra in gioco l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">intelletto agente, che astrae (letteralmente: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">trae fuori<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">) la forma intelligibile (l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>essenza<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">) dal <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>phantasma<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>Intellectus possibilis<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: riceve la forma astratta ed \u00e8 in grado di conoscerla come concetto universale.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Tommaso descrive cos<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00ec<\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">l\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>intellectus agens<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">:<\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Oportebat igitur ponere aliquam virtutem ex parte intellectus, quae faceret intelligibilia in actu, per abstractionem specierum a conditionibus materialibus. Et haec est necessitas ponendi intellectum agentem<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Bisognava dunque ammettere nell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">intelletto una potenza capace di rendere intelligibili in atto gli oggetti, mediante l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">astrazione delle forme dalle loro condizioni materiali. Questa \u00e8 la necessit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">di ammettere l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">intelletto agente<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I, q.79, a.3). Senza di esso, l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo potrebbe solo percepire, non comprendere intellettualmente.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table width=\"642\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"119\" height=\"22\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Caratteristica<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"517\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong>Descrizione del<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>l\u2019<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em><strong>intellectus agens<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"119\" height=\"23\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Natura<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"517\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"de-DE\">Parte<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong> dell<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u2019<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong>anima razionale<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> (non un principio separato)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"119\" height=\"23\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Ruolo<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"517\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\">Principio<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong> attivo; <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2018<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">luce<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">che rende intelligibili i fantasmi sensibili<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"119\" height=\"38\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Funzione diretta di conoscenza<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"517\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">No, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong>prepara i contenuti per l<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u2019<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong>intelletto possibile<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"119\" height=\"23\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Funzione<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"517\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\"><strong>Principio<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> universale di attualizzazione<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"119\" height=\"22\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Processo<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"517\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\">Porta <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong>le forme nei fantasmi dall<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u2019<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong>essere potenziali all<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u2019<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong>essere attuali<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Tommaso lo paragona spesso alla luce, come del resto fece Aristotele, che rende visibile il colore nell\u2019aria: senza luce, l\u2019occhio non pu\u00f2 vedere il colore; senza l\u2019intelletto agente, l\u2019intelletto non pu\u00f2 cogliere l\u2019essenza. Dice Tommaso: \u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Ergo oportet virtutem quae est principium huius actionis, esse aliquid in anima. Et ideo Aristoteles comparavit intellectum agentem lumini, quod est aliquid receptum in aere. Plato autem intellectum separatum imprimentem in animas nostras, comparavit soli; ut Themistius dicit in commentario tertii de anima. Sed intellectus separatus, secundum nostrae fidei documenta, est ipse Deus, qui est creator animae, et in quo solo beatificatur, ut infra patebit. Unde ab ipso anima humana lumen intellectuale participat, secundum illud Psalmi IV, <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>signatum est super nos lumen vultus tui, domine<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, \u201cPerci\u00f2 \u00e8 necessario che la virt\u00f9, la quale costituisce il principio di questa operazione, sia qualche cosa dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">anima. &#8211; Per questa ragione Aristotele paragon\u00f2 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">l\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">intelletto agente alla luce, che \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">un\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">entit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">ricevuta [e posseduta] dall<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">aria. Platone poi, come riferisce Temistio, paragon\u00f2 al sole l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">intelletto separato, che comunica una sua impronta alle nostre anime.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Ora, stando agli insegnamenti della nostra fede, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">questo intelletto separato \u00e8 Dio stesso<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, il quale \u00e8 il creatore delle anime, e loro unica felicit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, come vedremo in seguito. Da lui quindi l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">anima umana partecipa una luce intellettuale, secondo le parole del Salmo: La luce del tuo volto, o Signore, \u00e8 impressa su di noi\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I, q.79, a.4<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Per chiarire il concetto di astrazione, prendiamo in considerazione l\u2019esempio di un gatto. I sensi percepiscono questo gatto particolare. L\u2019immaginazione ne forma un <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>phantasma<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. L\u2019intelletto agente, illuminando il <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>phantasma<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, astrae la forma \u201cgatto\u201d \u2013 non questo gatto individuale, ma il concetto universale di \u201cgatto\u201d \u2013 che poi l\u2019intelletto possibile riceve e comprende. Riassumiamo schematicamente quanto detto:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol type=\"I\">\n<li value=\"1\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Oggetto materiale<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: ad esempio, un albero, un cavallo, una persona <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">\u2014 realt<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">concreta.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Sensi esterni<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: vista, udito, tatto<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2026 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">raccolgono i dati sensibili.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"de-DE\"><em>Phantasma<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: immagine formata dall<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">immaginazione (senso interno).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Intelletto agente<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: astrae la forma intelligibile (l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essenza) dal <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>phantasma<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Intelletto possibile<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: passivamente riceve la forma e la comprende.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Concetto universale<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: nasce la conoscenza dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">universale (non di questo uomo, ma dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo in quanto tale).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">5. L\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">etica e la legge naturale<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">L\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">etica di Tommaso si basa sull<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">idea che ogni essere umano tende naturalmente al bene e alla felicit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, che si trovano nel compimento della propria natura. Questa legge inscritta nella natura umana \u00e8 detta legge naturale. Le virt\u00f9 (come prudenza, giustizia, fortezza e temperanza) aiutano l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo a raggiungere il proprio fine. Ma il fine ultimo dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo \u00e8 la visione di Dio, che pu\u00f2 essere raggiunta solo con l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">aiuto della grazia divina.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">L\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">etica di Tommaso d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Aquino \u00e8 fondata su una visione realista e teleologica dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo: ogni essere ha una natura che lo orienta verso un fine (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\"><em>telos<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">), e il bene morale consiste proprio nel compiere la propria natura secondo ragione: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><em>Ratio enim boni in hoc consistit, quod aliquid sit appetibile, unde philosophus, in I Ethic., dicit quod <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>bonum est quod omnia appetunt<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Infatti, la nozione di bene consiste in questo: che qualcosa sia appetibile; perci\u00f2 il filosofo, nel primo libro dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Etica, dice che il bene \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">ci<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00f2 che tutte le cose desiderano\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I, q. 5, a. 1). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Per l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere umano, il bene \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">ci<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00f2 che lo conduce alla realizzazione piena di s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, e ci\u00f2 che lo allontana da questo fine \u00e8 male. La sua etica non si fonda su regole arbitrarie, ma su una profonda coerenza tra natura, ragione e felicit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">5.1 Il fine ultimo dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo: la felicit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Tommaso riprende da Aristotele l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">idea che l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo cerca naturalmente la felicit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\"><em>beatitudo<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">), ma precisa che essa non pu\u00f2 essere trovata nei beni temporali, perch<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">sono limitati, mutevoli e incapaci di soddisfare il desiderio umano in modo pieno. Solo Dio pu\u00f2 essere il fine ultimo: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Ad perfectam igitur beatitudinem requiritur quod intellectus pertingat ad ipsam essentiam primae causae. Et sic perfectionem suam habebit per unionem ad Deum sicut ad obiectum, in quo solo beatitudo hominis consistit<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Ma alla perfetta felicit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">si richiede che l&#8217;intelletto raggiunga l&#8217;essenza stessa della causa prima. E allora avr<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">la sua perfezione nel possesso oggettivo di Dio, nel quale soltanto si trova la felicit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">dell&#8217;uomo\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I-II, q. 3, a. 8). Questa visione di Dio, la <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>visio beatifica<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00e8 il compimento del desiderio umano e la pienezza dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">etica cristiana: l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo \u00e8 fatto per conoscere e amare Dio.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">5.2 Le virt\u00f9 come strumenti del bene<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Per arrivare al fine ultimo, l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo deve agire secondo virt\u00f9, che sono abiti buoni e stabili che perfezionano le sue potenze. Tommaso distingue le virt\u00f9 in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">:<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Virt\u00f9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">morali<\/span><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\" name=\"sdfootnote1anc\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, come la prudenza, la giustizia, la fortezza e la temperanza<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Virt\u00f9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">teologali<\/span><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote2sym\" name=\"sdfootnote2anc\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, che sono infuse da Dio: Fede (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>Fides<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">), Speranza (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Spes<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">), Carit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\"><em>Caritas<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">)<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, vedi <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"de-DE\">1 Corinzi 13<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">13.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Le virt<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00f9 permettono all<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo di vivere bene, cio\u00e8 in accordo con la ragione e l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">ordine voluto da Dio: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>Et philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod virtus est quae bonum facit habentem, et opus eius bonum reddit<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">E il Filosofo afferma, che la virt\u00f9 rende buono chi la possiede, e buona l&#8217;azione che egli compie\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologia<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">e, I-II, q.55, a.3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">)<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Per Tommaso d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Aquino, le virt\u00f9 morali non sono semplici atti isolati o disposizioni momentanee, ma sono <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\"><em>habitus<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, cio\u00e8 abiti stabili dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">anima che perfezionano le potenze dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo nel loro agire: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>de quo philosophus, in V Metaphys., dicit quod habitus dicitur dispositio secundum quam bene vel male disponitur dispositum, et aut secundum se aut ad aliud, ut sanitas habitus quidam est. Et sic loquimur nunc de habitu. Unde dicendum est quod habitus est qualitas<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">In proposito il Filosofo afferma, che l&#8217;abito \u00e8 una disposizione secondo la quale uno \u00e8 disposto bene o male, o in se stesso o in rapporto ad altro, cos<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00ec <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">come \u00e8 un abito la salute. Ora noi parliamo dell&#8217;abito in questo senso. Perci\u00f2 concludiamo che l&#8217;abito \u00e8 una qualit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0\u201d<\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I-II, q. 49, a. 2). In altre parole, l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019habitus <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00e8 una qualit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">stabile, acquisita o infusa, che orienta l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">individuo ad agire correttamente con prontezza e disinvoltura. Le virt\u00f9 morali sono habitus buoni, che perfezionano la volont<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">e le passioni secondo la ragione. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Le virt<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00f9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">morali<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> per Tommaso vanno cos\u00ec catalogate: \u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>Sic igitur tota materia morali ad considerationem virtutum reducta, omnes virtutes sunt ulterius reducendae ad septem, quarum tres sunt theologicae<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em> [\u2026]; aliae vero quatuor sunt cardinales<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u201d; \u201cEbbene, dopo aver ridotto tutta la morale alla considerazione delle virt\u00f9, tutte le virt\u00f9 vanno ancora ridotte al numero di sette: tre teologali <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\">[<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2026<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> e quattro cardinali\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">II<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"de-DE\">-II, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"nl-NL\"><em>Prooemium<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">)<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. Tommaso, secondo l\u2019abito, le<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\"> distingue tra:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><em>Habitus acquisiti<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: frutto dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">esercizio e dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">educazione, ossia<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"> le <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">virt\u00f9 cardinali<\/span><\/span><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote3sym\" name=\"sdfootnote3anc\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/sup> <span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">di <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>prudenza<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>giustizia<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>fortezza<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>temperanza<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, trattate nella <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">, I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\">-II, q.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">47-170<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><em>Habitus infusi<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: donati da Dio, come le <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">virt\u00f9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">teologali<\/span><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote4sym\" name=\"sdfootnote4anc\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>fede<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>speranza<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> e <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>carit<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>\u00e0<\/em><\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>[amore donativo]<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, trattate nella <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">, I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\">-II, q.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">1-47), e alcune virt\u00f9 morali che accompagnano la <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>grazia<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Virtus vero ordinans hominem ad bonum secundum quod modificatur per legem divinam, et non per rationem humanam, non potest causari per actus humanos, quorum principium est ratio, sed causatur solum in nobis per operationem divinam. Et ideo, huiusmodi virtutem definiens, Augustinus posuit in definitione virtutis, quam Deus in nobis sine nobis operatur<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><u>le virt\u00f9 che ordinano l&#8217;uomo al bene<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> in quanto ricade sotto la legge divina, e non sotto la ragione umana, non possono essere causate dagli atti umani, il cui principio \u00e8 la ragione: ma <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><u>sono causate in noi dall&#8217;azione di Dio<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. Perci\u00f2 nel definire codeste virt\u00f9, S. Agostino cos<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00ec <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">completa la definizione: che <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><u>Dio opera in noi senza di noi<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> (Summa Theologiae, I-II, q.63, a.2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">L\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">importanza dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\"><em>habitus<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> risiede anche nel fatto che rende l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">agire morale stabile e libero, non frutto del caso o dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">emozione. Solo chi possiede l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\"><em>habitus<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> della giustizia, ad esempio, agir<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">in modo giusto spontaneamente e con gioia. In sintesi, per Tommaso le virt\u00f9 sono strumenti del bene proprio in quanto <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\"><em>habitus<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, ovvero forze interiori che rendono l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo capace di vivere secondo ragione in modo stabile, libero e orientato al suo fine ultimo.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">5.3 La legge naturale<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Uno degli aspetti pi\u00f9 originali del pensiero etico di Tommaso \u00e8 la dottrina della legge naturale (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>lex naturalis<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\">). Essa <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00e8 la partecipazione della creatura razionale alla legge eterna di Dio, ed \u00e8 inscritta nel cuore dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo: \u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Inter cetera autem rationalis creatura excellentiori quodam modo divinae providentiae subiacet, inquantum et ipsa fit providentiae particeps, sibi ipsi et aliis providens. Unde et in ipsa participatur ratio aeterna, per quam habet naturalem inclinationem ad debitum actum et finem. Et talis participatio legis aeternae in rationali creatura lex naturalis dicitur. [&#8230;] lumen rationis naturalis, quo discernimus quid sit bonum et malum, quod pertinet ad naturalem legem, nihil aliud sit quam impressio divini luminis in nobis. Unde patet quod lex naturalis nihil aliud est quam participatio legis aeternae in rationali creatura<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u201d , \u201cEbbene, tra tutti gli altri esseri la creatura ragionevole \u00e8 soggetta in maniera pi\u00f9 eccellente alla divina provvidenza, perch<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">ne partecipa col provvedere a se stessa e ad altri. Perci\u00f2 in essa si ha una partecipazione della ragione eterna, da cui deriva una inclinazione naturale verso l&#8217;atto e il fine dovuto. E codesta partecipazione della legge eterna nella creatura ragionevole si denomina legge naturale. [&#8230;] la luce della ragione naturale, che ci permette di discernere il male e il bene, altro non \u00e8 in noi che un&#8217;impronta della luce divina. Perci\u00f2 \u00e8 evidente che la legge naturale altro non \u00e8 che la partecipazione della legge eterna nella creatura ragionevole\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I-II, q.91, a.2). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">La legge naturale \u00e8 universale, immutabile e conoscibile da tutti, perch<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">fondata sulla ragione. Essa comanda il bene e proibisce il male secondo i principi primi dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">agire umano: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Hoc est ergo primum praeceptum legis, quod<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em> bonum est faciendum et prosequendum, et malum vitandum. <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>Et super hoc fundantur omnia alia praecepta legis naturae<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u201d; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Ecco, dunque, il primo precetto della legge: Il bene \u00e8 da farsi e da cercarsi, il male \u00e8 da evitarsi. E su di esso sono fondati tutti gli altri precetti della legge naturale\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I-II, q. 94, a. 2). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Da questo principio derivano naturalmente i precetti fondamentali della morale: conservare la vita, procreare, vivere in societ<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, cercare la verit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, ecc.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">5.4 Grazia e libert<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Pur riconoscendo la forza della legge naturale, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Tommaso sa che l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo da solo non pu\u00f2 raggiungere il fine ultimo<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. Per questo, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">sottolinea il ruolo della <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>grazia<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, che perfeziona la natura senza distruggerla<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. La <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>grazia<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> illumina l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">intelligenza e rafforza la volont<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, rendendo possibile la vita virtuosa e la beatitudine eterna: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Gratia non tollat naturam, sed perficiat<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u201d; <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">La grazia non distrugge la natura, ma anzi la perfeziona\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, I, q. 1, a. 8).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Anche la <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">libert<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> \u00e8 centrale per Tommaso: non come arbitrio assoluto, ma <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">come capacit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">razionale di scegliere il bene.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> Solo scegliendo ci\u00f2 che \u00e8 conforme alla verit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 l\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo diventa veramente libero. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">L\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">etica di Tommaso d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Aquino rappresenta una delle sintesi pi\u00f9 alte tra la razionalit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">classica e la fede cristiana. Essa dimostra che l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo \u00e8 un essere razionale, ordinato a un fine soprannaturale, capace di conoscere il bene attraverso la legge naturale e di perseguirlo con l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">ausilio delle virt\u00f9 e della grazia. Si tratta di una visione positiva, realistica e integrale dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uomo, che ancora oggi offre spunti di riflessione a molte questioni contemporanee riguardanti l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">etica, la libert<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\">e la felicit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">6. L\u2019intelletto e la metafisica dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere in <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa contra Gentiles<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, Libro 2, LII<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Nel libro II della <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa contra Gentiles<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">al capitolo 52, Tommaso d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Aquino affronta con rigore la struttura ontologica delle sostanze intellettive e il loro rapporto con Dio, che \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">l\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere sussistente per essenza. Egli sottolinea che, sebbene le sostanze intellettive non siano corporee, esse non sono semplici in senso assoluto, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">poich<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">la loro essenza non si identifica con il loro atto di essere (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><em>esse<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">)<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. A differenza di Dio, in cui essenza ed esistenza coincidono, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">le creature intellettive manifestano ancora una forma di composizione, pur non essendo costituite di materia e forma<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">In questa prospettiva, Tommaso ribadisce il principio fondamentale secondo cui <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">l\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">esistenza \u00e8 distinta dall<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essenza in tutte le creature<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, anche in quelle spirituali o immateriali. L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">esse sussistente, ossia <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">l\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere che \u00e8 atto puro e non riceve nulla da altro, \u00e8 esclusivo di Dio<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. Tutti gli altri esseri esistono per partecipazione all<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere, e non per essenza: il loro essere non \u00e8 identico alla loro sostanza, ma \u00e8 da essa distinto e, perci<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00f2<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, ricevuto.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Da ci\u00f2 deriva la <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">dottrina tomista della unicit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere sussistente<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">. L\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere come atto puro, assolutamente semplice e senza composizione, non pu\u00f2 moltiplicarsi, perch<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">l\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">infinit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere implica la pienezza di tutte le perfezioni e non pu\u00f2 ammettere alcuna divisione. Infatti, se esistessero due esseri infiniti, non potrebbero essere distinti per una perfezione che l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">uno ha e l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">altro no, poich<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">ci<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00f2 implicherebbe una limitazione dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">infinit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Le sostanze create, anche quelle intellettive, sono dunque entit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">causate, in quanto ricevono l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere da un principio esterno<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. Solo <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Dio \u00e8 essere incausato<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, poich<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">se il suo essere derivasse da un altro, si cadrebbe in una regressione all<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">infinito, che la ragione naturale esclude. Questa distinzione fonda la differenza tra le sostanze create, che possiedono un essere partecipato, e le sostanze increate, tra le quali solo Dio pu\u00f2 essere concepito come <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>atto perfettissimo<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">In tal senso, Tommaso afferma con chiarezza che Dio \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">l\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">unico <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>esse perfectissimum<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, identificandosi con l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere stesso, senza alcuna potenzialit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">o composizione. Egli lo ribadisce anche nella <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>Summa Theologiae<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> (I, q. 4, a. 1), in cui scrive: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Deus autem ponitur primum principium, non materiale, sed in genere causae efficientis, et hoc oportet esse perfectissimum<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, ovvero: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Dio, poi, \u00e8 posto come primo principio, non materiale, ma nel genere di causa efficiente, e questo deve essere perfettissimo<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d L\u2019\u201c<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>esse perfectissimum<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, quindi, \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">ci<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00f2 che costituisce il termine ultimo di ogni generazione e di ogni movimento, la realt<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">pura e attuale da cui ogni altra trae il proprio essere.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Tommaso chiarisce inoltre che, mentre la natura universale <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2013 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">come <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>animale<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d o <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>uomo<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u201d \u2013 \u00e8 concepita in astratto come una sola, essa si realizza in individui distinti, ciascuno definito dai propri caratteri specifici. Un ente che esistesse separatamente dalle determinazioni proprie di una specie, non sarebbe concretamente <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">un animale<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, ma un<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">entit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">astratta, priva delle caratteristiche che definiscono le specie particolari.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Infine, nella sua riflessione sul nome proprio di Dio, Tommaso riprende il passo biblico di Esodo 3,14, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"><em>Ego sum qui sum<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, per affermare che solo Dio pu\u00f2 essere designato come <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Colui che \u00e8<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, perch<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">solo in Dio l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere \u00e8 identico all<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essenza<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. Negli altri enti, l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">essere \u00e8 ricevuto, causato e distinto dalla sostanza; solo in Dio essere e sostanza si identificano pienamente, rendendolo l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2019<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Regular', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">ente per essenza, causa prima e principio ontologico di tutto ci\u00f2 che esiste.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Canela Text Bold', serif;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">SINOSSI ARTICOLO<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table width=\"642\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"134\" height=\"22\">\n<p class=\"western\" lang=\"en-US\">\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"145\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><strong>Concetto chiave<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"355\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><strong>Descrizione<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"134\" height=\"40\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Metafisica<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"145\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">L\u2019essere<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"355\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Fondamento di ogni realt\u00e0; Dio \u00e8 l\u2019Essere per essenza (ipsum esse subsistens)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"134\" height=\"40\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Teologia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"145\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Cinque vie<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"355\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">La ragione naturale pu\u00f2 dimostrare l\u2019esistenza di Dio attraverso l\u2019osservazione del mondo creato<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"134\" height=\"40\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Epistemologia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"145\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Ragione e rivelazione<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"355\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Collaborano per guidare l\u2019uomo verso la verit\u00e0 piena<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"134\" height=\"40\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Epistemologia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"145\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Linguaggio dell\u2019analogia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"355\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Permette di parlare di Dio in modo autentico e rispettoso del mistero<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"134\" height=\"40\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Epistemologia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"145\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Cognoscere e comprendere<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"355\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Dio pu\u00f2 essere conosciuto, ma non completamente compreso dalla mente umana<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"134\" height=\"40\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Etica<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"145\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Felicit\u00e0 (beatitudine)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"355\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Fine ultimo dell\u2019uomo, che consiste nella visione di Dio<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"134\" height=\"40\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Etica<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"145\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Virt\u00f9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"355\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Abitudini (habitus) che permettono all\u2019uomo di agire bene e perseguire il bene<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"134\" height=\"39\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Etica<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"145\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Legge naturale<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"355\">\n<p align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">Scritta nel cuore dell\u2019uomo, unisce l\u2019etica alla legge eterna di Dio<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\" name=\"sdfootnote1sym\">1<\/a><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\"> Le virt<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00f9 morali sono qualit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00e0 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">etiche che una persona sviluppa attraverso l<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">abitudine e la pratica, orientate verso il bene e la giustizia. Nella filosofia antica, in particolare in quella aristotelica, le virt\u00f9 morali sono essenziali per raggiungere l<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>eudaimonia<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, che si traduce con il concetto di <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\">felicit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00e0\u201d o <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">realizzazione umana<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. Aristotele le definisce come il giusto mezzo tra due estremi, e la loro pratica porta a un comportamento equilibrato e armonioso. Ecco alcune delle principali virt\u00f9 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">morali: (1) <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong>Temperanza<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: La capacit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00e0 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">di moderare i propri desideri e impulsi, in particolare quelli legati ai piaceri sensoriali come il cibo, il bere e il sesso. La temperanza \u00e8 la virt\u00f9 che aiuta a non essere schiavi delle passioni. (2) <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong>Coraggio<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: La virt\u00f9 che permette di affrontare il pericolo e la sofferenza con determinazione, senza cedere alla paura. \u00c8 il giusto equilibrio tra la temerariet<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00e0 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">e la vilt<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00e0. (3) <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong>Giustizia<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: La virt\u00f9 che riguarda il dare a ciascuno ci\u00f2 che gli spetta, sia nei rapporti interpersonali che nella societ<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00e0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. La giustizia non \u00e8 solo legata alle leggi, ma anche al senso di equit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00e0 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">e rispetto dei diritti altrui. (4) <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong>Prudenza<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: La capacit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00e0 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">di prendere decisioni sagge e ponderate, valutando le conseguenze delle proprie azioni. \u00c8 la virt\u00f9 che guida l<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">intelligenza pratica nell<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">affrontare le situazioni quotidiane. (5) Generosit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00e0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: La disposizione a donare agli altri senza aspettarsi nulla in cambio, sia in termini di beni materiali che di tempo e affetto. (6) <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong>Magnanimit<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>\u00e0<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">: La virt\u00f9 che riguarda il desiderio di compiere azioni grandi e nobili, facendo il bene per il bene, senza egoismi o calcoli personali. (7) <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong>Veridicit<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>\u00e0<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">: L\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">impegno a essere sinceri e onesti, evitando la menzogna, ma anche l<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">esagerazione o l<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">autocelebrazione. \u00c8 la virt\u00f9 che fonda la fiducia nei rapporti sociali. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Le virt<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00f9 morali, secondo Aristotele, sono un cammino che l<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">individuo percorre attraverso l<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">educazione, l<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">abitudine e la riflessione. Non sono innate, ma si sviluppano con il tempo e con la pratica costante, portando una persona a vivere una vita pi\u00f9 piena e autentica.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote2\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote2anc\" name=\"sdfootnote2sym\">2<\/a><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> Le tre virt\u00f9, secondo Tommaso, in dettaglio. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>Fede<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> (Fides). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00c8 la virt\u00f9 per cui crediamo in Dio e in tutto ci\u00f2 che Egli ha rivelato, perch<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">Dio \u00e8 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"de-DE\">la Verit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00e0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">. Non \u00e8 cieca: si fonda sull<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">autorit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00e0 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">di Dio, che non pu\u00f2 ingannarsi n<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">ingannare. Per Tommaso, \u00e8 un atto dell<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">intelletto che aderisce alle verit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00e0 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">rivelate su comando della volont<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00e0 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">mossa dalla grazia. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong>Speranza<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> (Spes). \u00c8 la virt\u00f9 per cui desideriamo e ci attendiamo da Dio la vita eterna, confidando nel suo aiuto. \u00c8 un atto della volont<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00e0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, ma poggia sulla fede: si spera ci\u00f2 che si crede possibile con l<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u2019<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">aiuto divino. Presuppone che si riconosca la propria debolezza e la potenza salvifica di Dio. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>Carit\u00e0<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"pt-PT\"> (Caritas). <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00c8 la virt\u00f9 per cui amiamo Dio sopra ogni cosa per se stesso e il prossimo come noi stessi per amore di Dio. \u00c8 la pi\u00f9 grande delle virt\u00f9, perch<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">dura anche in Paradiso, dove la fede e la speranza cesseranno. Per Tommaso, la carit<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00e0 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">informa tutte le altre virt\u00f9<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">: <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00e8 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">ci<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">\u00f2 che le vivifica e le rende meritorie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote3\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote3anc\" name=\"sdfootnote3sym\">3<\/a> <span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><strong>Cardinale<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, dal latino <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>cardinalis<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, derivato da \u201c<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>cardo, cardinis\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> cardine, cerniera, asse portante, quindi virt\u00f9 che sono il cardine della vita morale umana. Tutte le altre virt\u00f9 morali derivano da queste o si organizzano attorno ad esse.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote4\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"#sdfootnote4anc\" name=\"sdfootnote4sym\">4<\/a> <span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>Teologale<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">dal latino <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><em>theologicus<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">, che deriva dal greco <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><em>theologik<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\"><em>\u00f3<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em>s<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">) composto da: <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><em>the<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\"><em>\u00f3<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em>s<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> (\u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">), Dio e <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><em>l<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"es-ES-u-co-trad\"><em>\u00f3<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"><em>gos<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> (\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">), discorso, parola, ragione. Significa quindi <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">che riguarda Dio<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u201d o <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"ar-SA\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\">che ha Dio come origine, oggetto e fine<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u201d.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"it-IT\"> Non si acquisiscono con lo sforzo umano, ma vengono donate dalla grazia.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p class=\"ql-align-justify\"><strong>NOTA\u00a0BIBLIOGRAFICA<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"ql-align-justify\">Tommaso\u00a0d&#8217;Aquino,\u00a0<em>Ente\u00a0ed\u00a0Essenza<\/em>,\u00a0a\u00a0cura\u00a0di\u00a0Pasquale\u00a0Porro,\u00a0Rusconi,\u00a01995<\/li>\n<li class=\"ql-align-justify\">Tommaso\u00a0d&#8217;Aquino,\u00a0Commenti\u00a0a\u00a0Boezio,\u00a0a\u00a0cura\u00a0di\u00a0Pasquale\u00a0Porro,\u00a0Rusconi,\u00a01997<\/li>\n<li>Tommaso d&#8217;Aquino, <em>La somma contro i gentili<\/em>, a cura di T.S. Centi, UTET, 1997<\/li>\n<li class=\"ql-align-justify\">Tommaso\u00a0d&#8217;Aquino,\u00a0<em>Compendio\u00a0di\u00a0teologia\u00a0ed\u00a0altri\u00a0scritti<\/em>,\u00a0a\u00a0cura\u00a0di\u00a0A.Selva\u00a0e\u00a0T.S.\u00a0Centi,\u00a0UTET,\u00a02010<\/li>\n<li class=\"ql-align-justify\">Tommaso\u00a0d&#8217;Aquino,\u00a0<em>SOMMA\u00a0DI\u00a0TEOLOGIA<\/em>,\u00a0a\u00a0cura\u00a0di\u00a0Fernando\u00a0Fiorentino,\u00a04\u00a0vol.,\u00a0Citt\u00e0\u00a0Nuova,\u00a02018<\/li>\n<li class=\"ql-align-justify\">Tommaso\u00a0d&#8217;Aquino,\u00a0<em>Unit\u00e0\u00a0dell&#8217;intelletto<\/em>,\u00a0a\u00a0cura\u00a0di\u00a0Alessandro\u00a0Ghisalberti,\u00a0Bompiani,\u00a02020<\/li>\n<li class=\"ql-align-justify\">\u00c9tienne\u00a0Gilson,\u00a0<em>La\u00a0filosofia\u00a0nel\u00a0Medioevo<\/em>.\u00a0Dalle\u00a0origini\u00a0patristiche\u00a0alla\u00a0fine\u00a0del\u00a0XIV\u00a0secolo,\u00a0Sansoni,\u00a02004<\/li>\n<li class=\"ql-align-justify\">Sofia\u00a0Vanni\u00a0Rovighi,\u00a0<em>Storia\u00a0della\u00a0filosofia\u00a0medievale<\/em>,\u00a0Ed.\u00a0Vita\u00a0e\u00a0Pensiero,\u00a02006<\/li>\n<li class=\"ql-align-justify\">Giuseppe\u00a0Barzaghi,\u00a0<em>La\u00a0Somma\u00a0Teologica\u00a0di\u00a0San\u00a0Tommaso\u00a0d&#8217;Aquino,\u00a0COMPENDIO<\/em>,\u00a0Edizioni\u00a0Studio\u00a0Domenicano,\u00a02009<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Articolo pubbblicato anche su Panodyssey \u00a0 Giorgio Ruffa &nbsp; Breve introduzione alla filosofia di Tommaso d\u2019Aquino Tommaso d\u2019Aquino (1225-1274) \u00e8 uno tra i pi\u00f9 grandi filosofi e teologi della storia dell\u2019Occidente, nonch\u00e9 la figura centrale della scolastica medievale. La sua opera rappresenta un punto di incontro tra il pensiero cristiano e la filosofia greca, in particolare quella di Aristotele. Il [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1805,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1670","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-teol"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.luthergrewp.it\/ewp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1670","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.luthergrewp.it\/ewp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.luthergrewp.it\/ewp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.luthergrewp.it\/ewp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.luthergrewp.it\/ewp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1670"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/www.luthergrewp.it\/ewp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1670\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1949,"href":"https:\/\/www.luthergrewp.it\/ewp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1670\/revisions\/1949"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.luthergrewp.it\/ewp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1805"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.luthergrewp.it\/ewp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1670"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.luthergrewp.it\/ewp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1670"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.luthergrewp.it\/ewp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1670"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}